| ILFORD Chronology |
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The Ilford Photographic Company, now ILFORD Photo (née Iford Imaging; Town Lane, Mobberley, Knutsford, Cheshire, WA16 7JL, England) started in 1879 in Ilford, Essex, north east London, UK, when Mr Alfred Hugh Harman (b 1848) set up a business in the basement of his house on the corner of Cranbrook Road and Park Avenue (where the Cranbrook pub' is now). His business expanded and in 1880 moved to Roden St, trading as the Britannia Works Company, later called Ilford, Limited. Wikipedia says: "Their (Ilford's) headquarters were based in Roden Street which was demolished during the early 1980's to make way for a new one way traffic system to help with the town's traffic problem. A Sainsbury's supermarket now stands on the former site" (also, see the 1976 entry, below). However, the 'Welcome to Ilford' site says "Britannia Music is now on or near the old site." The ILFORD HQ address was 29 - 37 Roden Street, Ilford IG1 2AB; Tel. 01 478 3000; Telegrams PLATESILFORD. The Technical Service Department building, managed by Jack H Coote (see 1952, below), used to occupy the space now occupied by Sainsbury's car park. Roden St, and what is presumably the Sainsbury's Super Store, can be seen lower LH corner of this map. The Park Avenue intersection with Cranbrook Road can be seen towards the upper LH corner. |
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'paddle-steamer' trade mark. This continued in use (slightly modified) for almost 60 years. |
"Ilford Films for Faces & Places". Ilford incorporated this slogan into their camera design. The Ilford Envoy box camera, in the mid-1950s, had its focussing marked: 'Push-In for Places ~ Pull-Out for Faces'. |
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![]() 'Selo Soldier' Picture by courtesy of David Gardner. |
![]() an image used by Ilford during the 1940s to promote 'Selo' brand films. |
South Kensington Science Museum. size 20 (120 / 620) film cost 1/- per roll (probably early 1930s). |
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![]() Selo poster (lithograph in colours, backed on linen, 30"x20") offered as part of a sale of ski posters at Christies, January 2007. |
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My thanks to Anthony Smout for sending me the scans of the Selo Films print envelope, above. Considering the range of Selo films advertised, its likely that the envelope dates from 1937 or thereabouts. The envelope claims "Three new films of special grain fineness for use in Leica, Contax and similar cameras." |
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| Film name derivations: | ||
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There seems no acknowledged derivation of the word 'Selo', originally coined in 1920 and which Ilford retained in their 'popular' amateur film 'Selochrome' until c1968. One theory, based upon a phrase within a 1930s book 'How It Is Made', which includes a chapter on film making, is that 'Selo' is an abbreviation for 'Sensitised Celluloid', though a simpler suggestion has been made that it is merely an abbreviation of the word Celluloid. 'FP' was originally an abbreviation for Fine grain Pan film and 'HP' for Hypersensitive Pan. Hence, strictly grammatically, these film names should be abbrevaited to F.P. and H.P. In Amateur Photographer magazine for November 1946 there is an Ilford advertisement which refers to Ilford Selo H.P.3 (note the full stops after the H and P, suggesting abbreviations). By the 29th October 1947 edition, the word Selo has been dropped, but the film is still H.P.3. Then, in a January 1951 AP, the advertisement is for HP3 (no full stops, i.e Ilford have decided to make HP3 a name, not an abbreviation). |
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| Ilford Chronology: | ||
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The original basis for the following 'Ilford chronology' was the Ilford Imaging (before ILFORD Photo) web site, but I am constantly adding to it through my own research. Information relating to Cibachrome development and the 'CIL' products emanating from Ciba Lumière (see the entry for 1962, below) come from Andy Holliman (whose further contribution can be seen on the Sportsman History page). I'm also indebted to Martin Reed of SilverPrint who provided me with some facts relating to the years 1975 thr' 1999 which I have incoporated into my own. Items marked (Ref: D.M) have been provided to me by Doug McKee. There is always uncertainty about the accuracy of historical information so do e-mail if you can improve on the information contained below. The list of Ilford plates, flat film and roll film in the following table is abridged. A full list can be found in the book 'Silver by the Ton - A History of Ilford Limited 1879-1979' by RJ Hercock and GA Jones. The publishers are McGraw Hill, the ISBN is 0-07-084525-5. ILFORD Photo's own chronology 'Why Ilford? - History' can be viewed at http://www.ilfordphoto.com/aboutilford/page.asp?n=1 |
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Alfred
Hugh Harman begins making Gelatine Dry Plates in the basement
of his house in Cranbrook Road, Ilford, Essex. His business was named 'Britannia Works'. |
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Harman moved to Roden Street, trading as the Britannia Works Company |
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Introduction of Bromide & 'ALPHA' paper |
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Introduction of 'ORDINARY' Plate (4.5ASA) |
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Britannia
Works is now Britannia Works Co. Prices of dry plates reduced to penalise the Marion plate company after a dispute with them. Renaming of products to 'Ilford' Dry Plates "known prior to February 1886 as 'Britannia'." |
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The company (still privately owned) was registered as 'Britannia Works Co. Ltd' on 17th December. First Board Meeting was held on 2nd December. Kodak began manufacturing in Harrow, Middlesex, UK around mid-1891, future competitors to the Britannia Works Co. and Ilford. Kodak's Managing Director was Mr.W.H.Walker. "The evergrowing popularity of transparent rollable film, the improvements made in the Kodak (camera) and the enormous sale of bromide paper necessitated manufacturing in the UK." |
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'The Ilford Manual of Photography', originally 'The Manual of Photography', was first published in 1890. Mr C H Bothamley was the principal writer of the the Manual and it was published by the Britannia Works Co., Limited. It continued until the 5th edition in 1958 (see below). This book was not (despite what the title might suggest) about Ilford equipment, but was a generic description of how to use cameras, process film and make prints. The Focal Press website shows examples of pages from the 1890 copy, http://books.elsevier.com/companions/0240515749/ but the title page seems to belong to a later edition (Ref: D.M) as it refers to Ilford, Ltd; which suggests it was published post-1902. |
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Introduction of PROCESS (0.55ASA) Plates |
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Introduction of 'CHROMATIC' Plate (4.5ASA) In 1897 and again in 1903, Eastman Kodak approached the company with a view to a take-over or an amalgamation, but nothing came of these proposals. |
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10th March; meeting
to dicsuss going public. 17th May; first Board meeting of Britannia Works Co.(1898) Ltd. 7th June; Extraordinary General Meeting (EGM) held. A vote re: 'Going Public' was put to shareholders and 'carried'. 14th Sept; the (private) company 'Britannia Works Co.Ltd ceased to exist and the (public) 'Britannia Works Co.(1898) Ltd. came into being with a nominal share capital of £380,000. The reference to 1898 in the company title was soon dropped. Alfred Harman (then aged 50) retired from active control of the company at this time but continued to provide his expertise and experience for several more years. |
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In October, the company made representations to change their name to Ilford Ltd, but the Ilford Urban District Council objected. |
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The Ilford Urban District Council finally approved the name change from Britannia Works Co. Ltd. to 'Ilford Ltd' provided there was a comma inserted after the name 'Ilford' and Ltd was spelt in full i.e. Ilford, Limited. The comma continued in use, officially at least, until 1951 (maybe there was a 50year agreement with the Council?) but in practice it was dropped from advertising literature around 1935 (possibly the result of the area becoming the 'Municipal Borough of Ilford' in 1933 ?). (Ref: D.M) |
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The 1903 & 1904 BJPA gives the price of the camera as £5 with the Bausch & Lomb Rapid Rectilinear f8 lens in Unicum Shutter (T,B, 1-1/100s; as in the NMSI collection) or £8.8s (£8.40p) for the Ross Symmetric Anastigmat lens in Lopa Shutter. Ilford Special Rapid Films, in boxes of 20, cost 3s/4d (16.5p) postage extra. A camera price of £5 is equivalent to around £350 in 2005 money, based upon a comparison of the retail price index. |
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Ilford 'MONARCH' Plate (3.5ASA) |
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Ilford X-Ray Plate |
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Ilford 'KING'S OWN' Plate (20ASA) |
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Alfred Hugh Harman died in the 2nd quarter of 1913. The death was registered in the district of Hambledon (which spans the boundaries of the counties of Surrey and Sussex) and appears in the General Register Office (GRO) Index as Page 211, Volume 2a. |
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Ilford daylight loading Roll Film first introduced |
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Ilford Special Rapid Panchromatic
Plates (16ASA) |
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The 'Selo' company was formed
with the purpose of joint R&D and the sensitising of roll
films. Ilford at this time imported its requirements of film
base, first from the Celluloid Corporation (USA) and later from
Gevaert (Belgium). APM was formed in 1921 (as APM
1921) and brought together seven British companies, viz: Kershaw
Optical Co Ltd; A Kershaw & Son Ltd; Marion & Foulgar
Ltd; Rotary Photographic Co Ltd; Rajar Ltd; Paget Prize Plate
Co. Ltd; Marion & Co Ltd. |
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Iso-Zenith plates, 5ASA (post-1961 speed rating). The text gives the formula and development times for the recommended ID-2 Metol-Hydroquinone (M.Q) developer and ID-11 M.Q Borax developer. Also, a formula for the recommended fixing bath. |
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Ilford 'UNIVERSAL'
Film. In June, George Herbert Leigh Mallory of Mobberley, Cheshire (subsequently home to ILFORD Imaging UK and now ILFORD Photo), and Andrew "Sandy" Irvine, set out to conquer Everest. Both men were lost and it remains a mystery whether they reached the summit. |
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First attempt at manufacturing
a subtractive type of negative-positive colour 'tri-pak' roll
film in conjunction with a small concern called Colour Snaps
Ltd. The process proved difficult and was wound up in 1930. Introduction of Ilford Soft Graduation Panchromatic Plates, 28ASA - would have been 56ASA in 1961 revision - reflected in the plates having an Ilford speed rating Group E. Also, Ilford Ultra-rapid Roll Film, 28ASA. |
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to 1930 |
There is no doubt there were significant mergers between various of the smaller UK photographic companies and Ilford, Limited, at this time. The exact chronology and commercial details are somewhat obscure and the following should only be taken as a guide to events.
Wellington & Ward joined Ilford by 1930. Ilford had already (by 1920) some commercial involvement with other old-established UK photographic businesses, viz: The Imperial Dry Plate Co.Ltd; Thomas Illingworth & Co.Ltd and The Gem Dry Plate Co.Ltd, but possibly the merger with APeM lead to Ilford exercising more direct control over all these previously small independents. Also, the Selo company had effectively already come under Ilford control by 1925. The name 'Selo' survived in the film name 'Selochrome'. Quoting from a Supplement to 'Ilford News' Series 1, Number 6 (see 1939 below) "The effect of this great merger was a unique pooling of experience, knowledge and craftsmanship. The best brains of the companies concerned became at once concentrated in the research and production of one company's products, with the result that many important new products were produced and improvements effected in various existing grades." Between 1918 and 1939 Ilford acquired directly or through subsidiaries some dozen businesses engaged in the manufacture of photographic goods of various descriptions. During the 1930s a number of distribution centres were set up in different parts of the country and factories or branches were established hi five European countries and in India and Australia. During the next 30 years, Ilford's Mobberley site began to concentrate on the manufacture of photographic paper. The large rolls of paper were transported to the Essex factory for cutting packing and distribution. |
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Ilford Panchromatic Film (32ASA). A 1930 AP advert shows Ilford size No.20 'Selo' film cost 1/- for 8 exposures. |
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Debut of Hypersensitive Panchromatic (initially for Plates), later to become known as HP (as in HP3 etc) |
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Ilford Infra-Red Plate |
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An
interesting e-mail (August 2005) from Frank Philipse in the Netherlands, gives
extracts from the diary of his relative, Lidy Haremaker (1905-1984),
who became a teacher of English in the Netherlands. Lidy was
Dutch and lived in the Hague, but she visited Ilford's Selo factory
in early 1933 while on a trip to London. Lidy was an intelligent
women with broad interests, including photography. On Saturday
7th January she writes "I wandered a little about Mansion
House and came into Cheapside where are many shops, and I saw
the newest kind of film to make photographs in the evening."
She visited the "factory in Brentwood, which the Ilford
people had arranged for me. I had rung up Mr Davidson,
manager of Selo Ltd. - Woodman Road - Warley - Brentwood,
Essex (tel. 631)." Lidy visited Selo on Thursday 12th
January 1933 ,"I was back in London by three and went
to Cheapside to buy the new kind of film." Lidy
is clearly referring to a higher speed film than had previously
been available.An entry in the book 'Silver by the Ton' on page 119, describes Ilford's decision at that time 'to attack' the amateur market seriously. It reads "Roll films had been sold for some years under a variety of labels, but in 1932 Selochrome film was produced with higher speed, good orthochromatic sensitivity, anti-curl and anti-halo characteristics." This film caught on well in the UK and the continent and grew to considerable proportions. Hence, "It was decided ... to produce a Selo panchromatic film. This led to Hypersensitive Panchromatic films." It seems likely that the higher speed Selochrome film, which was eventually (1935, see below) called Hypersensitive Panchromatic film, was the new film Lidy was excited to try out. |
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It describes the various plates, flat film and roll films available at that time, with useful information relating to their H&D speed rating, exposure and development (tank and dish). It concludes by considering negative defects and describes reduction and intensification techniques, plus how to avoid dichroic fog, 'frilling', halation and coloured patches. Selo panchromatic (see entry above) is rated at H&D (Hurter & Driffield) 1,200; perhaps 100ASA, barely medium speed by modern standards. Possibly it was this film which was improved and became Hypersensitive Panchromatic (HP) - see below. |
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The scan was sent to me by Marc Akemann, a US member of the APUG internet forum. Click here or on the thumbnail to see a larger image. |
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Ilford Ltd acquired an interest
in Dufay-Chromex Ltd. (14-16 Cockspur Street, London; later Dufay
Ltd.) for whom it started to manufacture a reversal colour film
of the additive type under the brand name Dufaycolor. Dufaycolor had previously
(from 1932) been available in England only as 16mm & 9.5mm
ciné film, but Ilford's expertise and finance enabled
it to be marketed for still photography in 35mm, roll, sheet
and film pack forms. Although processing was relatively simple
(and instructions were published), Ilford offered a service for
roll films. Ilford came under the control of the Ministry of Aircraft Production at the outbreak of war in 1939 and post-1945 it didn't resume an interest in additive colour (prior to WW2, Ilford had already started R&D into subtractive colour). However, Dufay Ltd survived into the 1950s and Dufaycolor film was still being disposed through Amateur Photographer 'small ads' in the early 1960s; viz. a 100ft 35mm bulk roll is priced at £1 and a 50ft roll at 12/6d (62.5p). Processing kits for four films are priced at 12/6d (62.5p) or processing vouchers (presumably for one film) at 6/- (30p). |
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Recommended Ilford lantern plates are 'Special' for brilliant black tone, 'Warm Black' for warm image tone, 'Alpha' for slide making by contact and 'Gaslight', which can be handled in subdued artificial light and especially suitable for weak negatives. The rear page shows the booklet to be printed in England with a J35 footnote, indicating October 1935. Amateur films are listed as Selochrome, the extra fast roll film for fine grain, Selo Fine Grain Panchromatic roll film, fully colour corrected and of extreme speed and fine grain, and Selo Hypersensitive Panchromatic Roll Film, "the fastest panchromatic roll film made". |
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A photograph of an attractive young lady
whose dress is bedecked with many Selochrome film boxes.Sent by Paul Knudsen of Phoenix, Arizona, USA but the picture was actually found by a lady named Angel Burke from Prescott Arizona who procured it an estate sale. It had been pasted in a scrap book at one time. Paul writes that he is not sure whether its an Ilford advertisement or more likely it was a models print as it has a pebble surface not suitable for print reproduction. I have dated the picture by (possibly) identifying the camera the lady is holding - a Kodak Junior 620 of 1935 vintage. Click here, or on the thumbnail image, to see an enlarged version. |
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The instruction leaflet with this film pack was printed in April 1934 (D34) but is presumably an instruction leaflet appropriate to all contemporary Ilford Film Packs so may not have been printed for this specific film. 'Silver by the Ton' lists the Selochrome 'Super Speed' film pack's first appearance to 1935. |
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I believe their use was in high contrast copying. The recommended developer was ID13, which was Ilford's developer for 'photomechanical work' resulting in 'screen' or 'line' negatives or positives. After the plates were developed & fixed the resulting image could be cleared (using Farmer's reducer which increases contrast) or bleached and intensified. All the relevant formulae appear on the front of the box, beneath the title 'ILFORD PROCESS PLATES', and the box has the footnote D35, indicating its selling date was probably April 1935. |
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An Ilford Selo print
envelope shows that developing a Selo film cost 6d (2.5p) and
each print cost 2½d (1p). With Ilford size No.20 'Selo' b&w film costing 1/- (5p), taking 8 exposures and having the film developed and printed would have cost around 3/2d (16p), or the equivalent of £7 in 2005. |
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A copy of "The Ilford Message" magazine [volume 1 number 3] was auctioned through ebay January 2006. I've no information on this publication, so anyone who recognises it, I'd be interested to learn more. The ebay vendor described it as being supplied FREE by Ilford to various photographic shops & distributors, to promote Ilford products. This particular edition contains a centre spread on the 'new' Dufaycolor film (probably an announcement relating to Ilford's involvement in this technology which began in 1935, see above). |
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Ilford
FP1, FP2 (125ASA) and HP2 Plates introduced.In July 1937 Ilford stopped marketing Dufaycolor (announcement in Miniature Camera Magazine) and the responsibility reverted to Dufay-Chromex Ltd of Elstree, Hertfordshire. At that time, Mr George H Sewell, ARPS (a well known amateur cinephotographer and author) was Sales Manager at Dufay. This change possibly coincided with the start of Ilford's R&D into its own subtractive colour film process. Despite this, there is an Ilford 4-page colour advertisement promoting Dufaycolor in the British Journal Photographic Almanac (BJPA) for 1937. |
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It lists formulae for Ilford Developer (ID) 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 9, 11 (i.e. the famous ID-11, same as Kodak's D-76), 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 29, 30, 33, 34, 35, and 36, and advises on their specific uses. There is also much other chemical information on toning prints, hypo eliminator, emulsion hardening, rapid drying, desensitization, intensifiers and reducers, fixing baths, developer stain removing etc etc. |
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In
celebration of the 12th May 1937 Coronation of George VI and
Queen Elizabeth, Ilford Limited produced a souvenir book of photographs
taken by photographers working for Newspapers and Press Agencies.
All original negatives were on Ilford Hypersensitive Panchromatic
Plates and Ilford Double-X-Press Plates.Click here or on the image to download a pdf of the book. Be patient as it is a 10MB file. Book made available by courtesy of David Muggleton. |
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The book contains the separate
Ilford 'colour' test chart, illustrated alongside. |
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"We should indeed be ungrateful did we not publicly express our thanks for the many hundreds of congratulatory letters which we have received on the first number of "Ilford News" and also for the many excellent suggestions sent us. We shall endeavour to make use of these suggestions as it is our desire to make this journal of the utmost use to all society and club members. It has been made clear to us from your letters that "Ilford News" has received a spontaneous welcome and we shall spare no effort to maintain the standard of the first number for all issues of the journal." Issue 2 must have been published in December 1938 as it carries the holly framed message "A Happy Christmas to all Photographers; Ilford Limited". |
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As with the 22nd edition (see 1937 above) it deals with the needs of getting a truly correct rendering of all colours in terms of their grey scale brightness, set against a colour scale (see 1937 for a picture of that scale). Apart from any pictorial or scientific requirement, an accurate 'colour' balance of subjects recorded on black and white film was necessary for the production of colour 'separation' negatives as a step towards producing additive colour slides or subtractive process prints e.g. by the trichrome carbro process. |
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The Selo films 'family' at the time consisted of Selo Ortho (26°), Selo Chrome (29°), Selo F.P (27°) and Selo H.P. (31°), all being roll films, and Selo Chrome (27°), Selo F.P (24°) and Selo H.P.2 (31°) for 35mm cameras. Roll film H.P.2 and F.P.2 were introduced in 1939, see entry below. |
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"Sixty years of applied research and strenuous work in the service of photography is the proud record of Ilford Limited whose Diamond Jubilee is celebrated this year." Apart from the Chairman (see left) Major-General Sir Ivor Philipps, K.C.B; D.S.O, others named are Mr F.F.Renwick (research dept); Dr.Olaf Bloch (photographic emulsions); Dr.Kendall (sensitizing dyes in the Rodenside laboratory - see the 1940 entry for his contribution to replacing the developing agent Metol with Phenidone); Dr.G.B.Harrison & Dr.S.O.Rawling (Selo Laboratories). |
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it's 'PLASTIKA' photographic paper (warm black image colour and
wide exposure latitude - 9 paper surfaces) and a range of films. HP2 (200ASA) replaced the original Hypersensitive Panchromatic rollfilm (see 1935, above) FP2 (80ASA), Selo and Selochrome roll films were launched. |
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The 'Paddle Steamer' trademark
is on the LHS and the SELO trademark is on the RHS. |
| Ilford launched
the world's first true 'MULTIGRADE' photographic paper, but it
wasn't a success. The time was not yet right. Users were not
equipped with filter-drawer enlargers and the print quality was
insufficiently consistent. It was withdrawn by the end of the
war. An entry in the British Journal Photographic Almanac (BJPA)
for 1941 has an entry which reads "The revolutionary new
Ilford Development Paper 'Multigrade' is, as is now fairly generally
known, a material on which the contrast of the print can be varied
at will by altering the colour of the printing light." For further Multigrade history, click here. 'Phenidone', Ilford's trademark for l-Phenyl-3-Pyrazolidone, was first prepared in 1890, however it was not until 1940 that Dr.J.D.Kendall, in the laboratories of Ilford Limited, discovered the photographic reducing properties of this chemical as an alternative to 'Metol'. |
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Ilford Micro Neg Microfilm.
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Ilford launched FP3 and HP3 plates, the latter 200ASA which was higher than the first release of HP3 films. The pictures are believed to show the early and later packaging colours. |
Selochrome roll film with a 1942 expiry
date. |
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Lancelot Vining, FRPS (Fellow
of the Royal Photographic Society and Member of the Council),
FIBP (Fellow of the Institute of British Photographers), was
one of the Ilford Team of Lecturers. Mr Vining was still providing
this Ilford service to photographic clubs in 1952/53, together
with Donald Allen, Karl Pollak and D S Moran. |
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Henry Russell wrote a feature
called "Between Ourselves" under the pseudonym "Minicam"
in Miniature Camera Magazine (MCM) from (almost) its inception
until the mid-1950s. MCM first appeared around December 1936
and Henry's first contribution (6 pages) appeared in the October
1937 edition (Vol.1 No.11). The photograph is from the 'banner'
at the top of the early editions. |
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HP3 Flat Film and HP3 Cine & Aerial Film. |
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The paddle-steamer trademark, used since 1886, was dropped and the new advertising slogan "Ilford films, for Faces and Places" was coined. Ilford's Lecture Service, which operated throughout the War (see 1942 above) announced "Today, with calm restored, we are more eager then ever to provide the services of our qualified team of lecturers, so if you have a vacant date, drop a line to the Ilford Lecture Service, Ilford Ltd, London." In AP for 5th September 1945, John Milner, the Hon. Sec. Petersfield Photographic Society writes "I feel the time has come to thank Messrs. Ilford, Ltd, publicly and wholeheartedly for the wonderful way in which they have helped photographic societies to carry on during the alst five or six war years, by sending their lecturers and demonstrators all over the country, and at no cost whatever to the societies concerned. The Petersfield Photographic Society acknowledges that it owes this fine firm a great debt, and it is to be hoped that clubs and their members will bear in mind that the products of this company are second to none, when the market becomes flooded with foreign merchandise." |
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Ilford
FP3 Fine Grain Panchromatic Safety Film introduced, initially
with a speed of 40ASA (Ilford speed group D), around 1951it became
Weston Meter (ASA) 64, Ilford Meter 29º and Ilford Speed Group E. In 1960 the same emulsion
speed was revised to 125ASA.The film box illustrated contains an 8 exposure roll of FP3 on an 828 spool. The 828 'Bantam' format was introduced by Kodak in 1935, giving negatives 28mm x 40mm (30% bigger than 35mm). It was a cheap alternative to 35mm for the masses.This particular roll of film passed its expiry date in February 1960. The diminutive 828 film box is only some ²/3 the size of a 120 in all dimensions and is noticeably smaller even than 127 film. Before the war Ilford imported all its requirements of film base, first from the Celluloid Corporation (USA) and later from Gevaert (Belgium). Imports continued during the war, mainly from Du Pont (USA). In 1946, at the suggestion of the Government, Ilford and B.X. Plastics Ltd. set up a jointly owned company, Bexford Ltd., to manufacture cellulose acetate film base. By 1955 Ilford had ceased to import film base and relied wholly on Bexford for its requirements of this material. |
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Tony quotes the Ilford advertising slogan "Focus right then gently press: Ilford Selo spells success". It was widely used in newspaper and magazine adverts of the time and certainly during the latter years of the war. He recalls it was often associated with an attractive girl posing provocatively, a camera to her eye, taking a snap of her boy friend or scenic view. |
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Ilford
announce their second camera, the sophisticated 35mm interchangeable
lens rangefinder camera called the "Witness",
but it was slow to reach the market for various reasons, including
a shortage of high quality lenses (see 1950 & 1953). The
Witness was conceived by Werner Rothschild, who had worked in
the German camera industry during the 1930s and, after the war,
started the UK photographic company Daroth (an abbreviation in
part derived from the surname Rothschild) and similarly used
Daron as a lens name. Robert Sternberg was a working colleague
of Rothschild who played the major role in designing the Witness
(see 1991).Manufacture of the Witness was later taken over by Peto Scott Electrical Instruments. Please contact Andy Holliman for a substantial account of the story of the 'Witness' including information about Rothschild, Sternberg, derivation of the name Daroth, and the connection with Peto Scott. |
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A small pocket in the rear cover of the booklet contains "Specimen Surfaces of Ilford Bromide, Plastika and Contact papers". |
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ILFORD
launched its first Colour Film "D" 10 ASA. (and in
1956 Type "F" for clear flashbulbs) and work started
on a silver dye-bleach process for making prints directly from
colour transparancies, pioneered by Dr Bela Gaspar in the 1930s
but mainly used for motion pictures (Gaspar based his work on
that started by Austrian, Karl Schnitzel, in 1905). The process,
which eventually became Cibachrome (see 1963), produced the first
successful prints around 1949.Take a look at THE PHOTOGRAPHIC HISTORICAL SOCIETY OF CANADA site where there is a page devoted to Alf Pyner, who joined Ilford after his time in the RAF during WW2 and had a long association with Ilfords experiments to develop colour materials. |
| Pan F b&w film first appeared, initially as 35mm and a short time later as 16mm cine film stock. It was rated at 25° Scheiner (Ilford Group D; Ilford Exposure Meter C; Weston 16). Weston 16 suggests a speed of 20ASA, while the other speeds confirm the normal (original) speed rating of PanF as 25ASA. Pan F eventually acquired (post-1960) a 50ASA speed rating when the same emulsion was re-rated (as were all b&w films at that time). | |
| The Borough of Ilford
presented Princess Elizabeth with a specially commissioned ILFORD
Advocate Camera, costing £340. The camera was stolen, but later recovered, when it was sent to be repaired. |
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Ilford Colour Film Type "A" introduced. Amateur Photographer magazine for 30th November has a Wallace Heaton advert which prices 35mm Ilford daylight Type 'D' colour film in 18 (half length) exposure cassettes at 16s/4d (82p) and 20 exposure Type 'A' cassettes at 18s/6d (92.5p), including processing. Postage extra 4d (1.5p). By 1955 both films were sold in 20 exposure cassettes for 21s/6d (£1.8p), inclusive of processing. The 1949 BJPA (p239) carries
an announcement of 'Ilford Sellotape'. "Sellotape is
a self-adhesive, clear cellulose tape which adheres firmly to
almost any surface. It is strong and pliable, and thus suitable
for many sealing purposes, and other darkroom and studio uses.
Sellotape is supplied in rolls, 8½yds in length by 5/8inch
wide, in a metal dispenser which can be carried in the pocket
and into which refill rolls can easily be loaded. The top of
this container allows the required length of Sellotape to be
torn off with either a straight or a saw toothed edge. The price
of the dispenser, complete with a roll of Sellotape, is 2s.(10p),
plus purchase tax; refill rolls cost 1s.(5p) each, plus purchase
tax." |
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The Craftsman was assembled in the same factory, Northern Scientific Equipment Ltd; Bark Street, Bolton, as the Witness. |
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Calibrated in both the Ilford Speed Group lettering system (A - G) and Scheiner degrees. Ilford's speed group lettering was later extended to cover a range A -H in order to include newer, higher speed, emulsions e.g HPS in 1952. "One operation determines camera exposure". To view a large colour image of an Ilford Meter Model C and read the 1950 BJPA report, click here or the image. Colour picture Courtesy of David Muggleton. |
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There is some uncertainty, but it is possible that a prototype of the Ilford 'Witness' (see 1947) was first exhibited in late 1949 or 1950. |
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The Prentice cost £3.13s.6d
plus £1.11s.1d purchase tax (£5.23p). |
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"This year, when more people
than ever will be taking photographs of places visited and of
the friends with whom they will share the enjoyment of the Festival
celebration, increasing numbers of discriminating amateur photographers
will be putting their trust in Ilford films." |
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| In 1951 an Ilford company was set up in West Melbourne, Australia, with a staff of about 10. In 1955 the company moved to a site at Mount Waverly which it still occupied in 1990. | |
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In 1952 Ilford and Geigy set up Gyl Chemicals Ltd to manufacture Hydroquinone. Around 1952, HP3 film speed increased to 200ASA (post-1960 to 400ASA). |
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The box of 12 off 4" x 5"
HPS plates illustrated alongside probably dates from after 1956
because the three speed ratings are |
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| Jack H.Coote, Hon.FRPS, FIIP, joined Ilford Limited. Mr Coote was involved in photography from 1937. He started by working in commercial and industrial fields and then spent some time in the motion-picture and photofinishing industries before joining Ilford Limited to establish a colour processing laboratory. Subsequently he became Head of Technical Services for the Ilford Group and then Technical Advisor to the Head of Marketing. He authored 'The Focal Guide to Colour Printing from Negatives & Slides', 'Colour Prints', 'Focal Guide to Cibachrome' and 'Monochrome Darkroom Practice', as well as being an occasional contributor to Amateur Photographer magazine. | |
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The Ilford 'Witness' camera finally
reaches the mass market, but only some 350 are ever produced.
It failed against competition from the newly released Leica M3
and its own mass production problems. In April 1953 the Witness
was priced at £121.16s.8d (£121.83p) with a f1.9
lens. Release of Ilford 'Advocate' camera, Series 2, with 35mm f3.5 Dallmeyer bloomed lens and flash synchronised, priced at £26.17s.6d (£26.88p). Release of Envoy Box, Series
1 (?not sure of this year date?) Launch of a service to provide colour prints from transparencies, both from Ilford's Colour D and Kodachrome. Production quickly rose to more than a million prints per annum. Based upon a reversal process yielding a positive print direct from a positive transparency. Only available to 35mm slide film users. Prints 5½x3¾" with a white border. Price per print is 2/6d (12.5p) with a minimum order of four prints from one or more transparencies. |
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'Multigrade' variable contrast printing paper re-introduced May 1953 (but withdrawn
again in the mid-60s). |
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Developers are now ID-1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 9, 11, 13, 19, 20 (Phenidone & Metol versions), 22, 33, 34, 36 (Phenidone and Metol versions), 42, 46, 47, 48, 55, 60, 61, 62 & 66. Pre-packaged developers include Contrast FF, Document paper (ID-55), Formalith, PFP (ID-62) and PQ Universal. Book also describes various fixers, hardeners, stop-baths, reducers, intensifiers, toners and packed chemicals. |
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It surprisingly survived until 1998, then being replaced by Delta 3200. |
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The picture illustrates the type
of card slide mount used by Ilford for their Colour D transparency
film in 1954. Plain white on the reverse. |
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Type 'A' & 'D' colour transparency films sold in 20 exposure cassettes for 21s/6d (£1.8p), inclusive of processing (see 1949 entry for earlier prices) Ilford Photographic Materials General Catalogue; a substantial 233mm x 157mm hard backed 328 page catalogue, apparently produced regularly during the 1950s and into the 1960s for trade distribution. |
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It was perhaps aimed more at the amateur market than the hard back General Catalogue illustrated above. The back cover has a space for a retailer to stamp his shop's name & address (though the example shown bears no such stamp) and such a retailer might have given copies to regular customers to encourage them to browse at home and select further purchases from his shop. |
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Ilford Advocate Series 1 (f4.5 lens) on sale secondhand for £11 at Theodore Pyke, Eden St; Kingston-on-Thames (AP Magazine, 26th Dec 1956)
Introduction of a colour transparency duplication service, 4/- each (20p). Black & white negatives from colour transparencies, 2/6d each (12.5p). Pan F film speed raised (autumn 1956) from 16ASA (daylight) 10ASA (tungsten) to 25ASA & 16ASA respectively. |
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![]() Ilford 'Sportsman' camera range introduced, see my index page for details of all the Sportsman camera 'family'. |
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In early 1957 Ilford annuonced an extension to their 1953 'prints from transparencies' service to include making duplicates and prints from any make of colour transparency from 35mm film and smaller. The full size 35mm transparencies were printed 5½"x3¾" with smaller transparencies printed in proportion. Monochrome negatives from 35mm transparencies could also be supplied at 2s/6d each (12.5p). The Basildon factory, which was built by the company, was completed in 1957. It became the factory for processing Ilford's colour films. Other activities eventually (by 1964) included the making of colour prints, colour printing from transparencies and the manufacture of chemicals and equipment. FP3 no longer available in roll film sizes 116 & 616 (only 120, 620,127 & 828). HP3 was still available in all sizes incl. 116 & 616. |
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For a short period during the 1950's, ICI marketed a negative-positive colour film for use by professional photographers. At this time ICI took some preliminary steps towards entering the amateur market. However, in 1958 ICI acquired 32% of Ilford's shares and an agreement was concluded which gave Ilford access to ICI's colour film research in the negative-positive field and provided for further research on colour photographic products and processes to be undertaken by ICI on behalf of Ilford. New Ilford office block completed
(reported in 'Photography' magazine, March 1958).
The 5th and final edition of 'The Ilford Manual of Photography' was published in May 1958 (see 1890 entry for first edition). This edition was reprinted in 1959, 1960, 1962, twice in 1963 and again in 1966. Additional material was included in appendices. The 7th reprint appeared in May 1967 with its appendices including information on split-image rangefinders, new types of film base, modern film speed systems, monobaths (one solution combined developer and fixer), high definition developers etc. The price 'remianed' at £2.2s (£2.10p). It was reprinted once more before its eventual demise (possibly in 1969 when Ciba took over sole ownership of Ilford, Ltd ?) Presumably the Rights to the book's content and its publication were sold to Focal Press. Focal Press published a 6th edition in 1971, though without the name 'Ilford' in the title i.e. it became 'The Manual of Photography'. It is currently in its 9th edition, published 20th September 2000; ISBN: 0240515749 (Ref: D.M). |
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Late in 1959; introduction of a modified cardboard transparency mount carrying the date of processing, the frame number and a black spot to aid correct orientation when being placed into a slide projector. The design was also claimed to reduce film 'buckle' through heat and also the tendency for images to 'pop' out of focus during projection. In October 1959, 35mm FP3 film became FP3 Series II. Ilford claimed "The new FP3 emulsion closely approaches ILFORD Pan F for fineness of grain - yet its speed is maintained at 64 Weston!" A 20exp. cassette cost 5s/1d (25.5p)and a 36exp. cassette cost 6s/10d (34p). Darkroom loading refills, 36exp. cost 3s/11d (19.5p) and unspooled lengths of 5m and 17m cost 10s/6d (52.5p) and 31s/11d (£1.60p) respectively. Ilford have sites at (ref: PCCGB Tailboard magazine, Sept '06) Britannia Works - Essex, Basildon (filters), Bexford (filmbase), Brentwood (Selo) Works, Looe - Cornwall (processing), Margate (boxes), Mobberley - Cheshire (paper), Watford (gelatine). They are also supplying materials to Johnsons of Hendon. |
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Written by George Ashton, it
deals with Ilford colour transparency films Types D and F. The basic advised exposure for Type D on a sunny day was 1/50th sec at f 6.3, corresponding to the film speed of 10ASA. |
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![]() Ilford Selochrome roll film only (orthochromatic) replaced by Selochrome Panchromatic; no speed change. This film box is a 120 roll of SP (Selochrome Panchromatic) 80ASA, 30ºBSI & Scheiner, 20ºDIN film. It passed its expiry date in June 1962. Post-1960, Selochrome Pan was re-rated at 160ASA (no change in the emulsion). Maybe phased out around 1968 ? |
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Ilfachrome (10 ASA) daylight balanced transparency film, cost 22/9d (£1.14p) for a 20exposure cassette and 34/1d (£1.70p) for a 36exposure cassette, including processing by Ilford. Transparencies returned in cardboard mounts. Ilford offered a service to provide duplicate transparencies or colour prints in two sizes. |
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127 size roll film Ilfacolor was introduced at the start of spring 1961, 10s/7d per roll (53p), processing 6s/6d (32.5p) prints 2s/3d each (11p) sized 3½"x5" from roll films with 8 exposures, 3½"sq from 12 exposures and 3½"x4½" from 16 exposures. |
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The
Ilfoprint system is believed was introduced in 1960 (unconfirmed).
It was primarily for press photographers and delivered a b&w
damp dry stabilised print in about 40sec. The print could be
made permanent with a 20min soak in fixer and a 30min wash. It
relied on special paper that had the developing agent in the
emulsion. The first bath of the machine was a caustic alkali
solution that activated the developer, the second bath was conventional
rapid fixer. My thanks for notifying me of the Ilfoprint system
goes to Norman Lee, who worked for Ilford 1959-1967 at Mobberley
and Ilford. Illustrated alongside (from an ebay auction) is a
1502 processor, taking paper up to 15" (38cms) wide &
working off 240v. The vendor writes "British made with high
grade rubber rollers, stainless steel chassis and automatic reservoir
bottles." |
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| Monophen (Phenidone based - see 1940) combined developer and fixer. Speedy & simple film processing using only one solution. Neither time nor temperature critical. Used between 65F and 80F (18C~27C) development and fixing completed in 6 minutes - film only required washing. A longer time had no effect. First commercially available of this type in the UK (Unibath was already available in the US - reviewed by AP on March 9th). Monophen was tested by Neville Maude for AP magazine, 20th April 1960, p609. Cost for a 500cc polythene bottle was 8s.9d (44p) "This may seem a little high at first glance but in fact corresponds quite well to the usual costs of developer plus fixer..." | |
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Having held their last "Amateur Night" on April 6th prior to the spring & summer break, Ilford resumed these popular 'first-Thursday-of-each-month' "Amateur Nights", for the autumn of 1961, from 5:30 to 7:30pm at their Showroom & Exhibition Centre at 133/135 Oxford Street, London, W.1. "Full studio facilities; professional type lighting; expert tuition, and beautiful model girls to photograph - all free of charge!" |
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Hyfin developer introduced. Iford claimed "greater sharpness, speed and economy". For use with slow and medium speed films. Gave a +1stop speed increase & greater sharpness than with ID11. Supplied as five foil satchets of powder in a carton, each satchet to make 600cc of working strength developer. The five satchet carton cost 4s (20p). Each powder satchet had to be dissolved in 600cc of warm water and then used at 20C; Pan F and FP3 series II required 18mins with 5sec agitation every minute. |
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The illustrated 'Ilford Transparency Viewer' for 2"x2" (35mm or 4x4cm) slides was being marketed by mid-1963. Its plano-convex lens gave a magnification of 1.5x. The box logo shown here has the Ilford 'sunburst' symbol which appeared in 1965, so this example must date to 1965 or later. It cost £1.4s.6d (£1.23p). It worked off 2xUII ('C') batteries (the viewer price included a bulb but excluded the batteries). |
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Ilfochrome 25 ASA 8mm Cine film, costs 23/6d (£1.18p) for a 25ft double run spool (4mins total running time). |
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The
32 ASA negative roll film is now called Ilfocolor, available
in 120, 620 and 127 roll-film and 20 exposure 35mm. The picture
shows a 120 roll film, price 10/9d (54p) excl. processing, with
an expiry date January 1964. En-prints from Ilfocolor cost 1/6d
each (7.5p) or 1/3d each (6p) for 2 to 4 prints or 1/- each (5p)
for 5 prints or more from the same negative.A 20exposure 35mm Ilfocolor cost 22s/2d (£1.11p). Negatives are card mounted and colour 'contact' prints (made by projection printing) were supplied with the processed film at no extra charge, to assist with print selection. |
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From the beginning of 1963 Ilford made pre-packed chemicals and technical assistance generally available to all commercial photo-finishers, and by 1964 a number of independent finishers were processing Ilfocolor roll films. Ilford reminded photographers that the earlier 10ASA Ilfachrome would only be accepted for processing until December 31st 1963. By that date the last batch made would be 1year over the date of expiry on the carton. Ilfochrome prints from 35mm transparencies no longer available due to 'heavy demand' for Ilfocolor prints. CIBA AG, Switzerland, approach Ilford with a buy-out offer.
The CIBA group comprised CIBA AG, CIBA Photochemie
AG (formerly Tellko AG, research laboratory near Fribourg)
a manufacturer of sensitised photographic materials, Lumière
SA France (near Lyons, acquired by Ciba in 1962) also a manufacturer
of sensitised materials & of colour film (in the 1950s),
and Gretag GmbH (Germany) a designer and constructor of
equipment and instruments for use in the photographic industry. CIBA built a new plant at Marly, just outside Fribourg (home of Tellko) to coat Cibachrome (and later ILFOCHROME, being the name given to Cibachrome post-1989 after Ciba sold Ilford to International Paper, see below), and the old Tellko factory in the centre of Fribourg was used as the finishing department. |
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Ilford had a number of wholly
owned subsidiaries in the UK (incl. Britannia Works Co. Ltd.
whose main business was wholesale black and white photo' finishing
and the manufacturer of chemicals, including ' hypo') as well
as 50% interests in some other companies (incl. Butlins Photographic
Services Ltd. which operated photographic services at
seven holiday camps, two hotels and a beach outlet). Ilford has some 22,000 authorised dealers, including branches of multiples, and some 2,000 dealers' agents. |
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See 1965 entry below for further information on this series of books. |
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HP4 film became available alongside
HP3 (not replacing it until the end of 1969) in 120 and 127 roll
film sizes, cost 4/6d (23p). |
| A 36 page booklet, "Ilford FP3, Film of Many Faces" offered free to applicants sending one empty FP3 carton. Authored by Sandy Brownstone of Ilford's Technical Publications Department (ref: Aug 18th AP magazine). | |
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In May 1965 Ilford introduced a new negative 35mm 20 exposure film,' Colorprint', rated at 64 ASA, at a price inclusive of processing. At the same time, it discontinued production of Ilfocolor. The service whereby 35mm users received projection printed 'contact' prints and card mounted negatives with their returned processed film, continued, as it had previously with Ilfocolor 35mm. |
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Super Colorslide and Colorprint were also introduced in ' Rapid' cassettes. |
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Other books still in planning
in 1965 were: "Flowering Bulbs, Corms and Tubers",
"Flowering Shrubs and Trees", "Greenhouse Plants",
"Herbacious Plants 2", "Annuals and Biennials"
and "Roses", with a further volume planned, being "Gardens
in Colour". |
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Ciba and ICI acquire all outstanding shares of Ilford
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In January 1967 (or maybe December 1966), HP4 film became available in 35mm cassettes (see also 1965 entry). Normal speed rating 400ASA (or 650ASA in Ilford's Microphen developer). Recommended prices 5s.10d (29p) for 20 exposures and 7s.7d (38p) for 36 exposures. Also available as cassette refills. In May, 7th reprint of the 5th Edition of the 'Ilford Manual of Photography' published (see also, 1958 entry). From June to August, Ilford were promoting (in a sexist strip-tease type advert) their Hyfin developer (ultra-fine grain, high acutance and increased film speed) by offering a free 300cc trial pack (sufficient to develop one film) with every purchase of the 'new' 20 exposure cassette of Pan F (50ASA but increased by Hyfin to 80ASA). Recommended retail price 5s.10d (29p). The 20 exposure length (40 exposures with half-frame) was recommended as a 'convenient length for the weekend'. Ilford Ilfobrom Paper introduced
and Ilford glossy bromide discontinued. Six evenly spaced grades,
same exposure for all grades except Grade 5 which required double
the exposure of the other five. Made in a range of surfaces. Film prices were volatile in
1967. In AP for 26th April, Ilford announced that FP3 would now
"cost no more than 'ordinary' film", with roll film
down in price from 4s.3d (21p) to 3s.10d (19p). FP3 35mm prices
(unchanged ?) were 5s.10d for 20exp (29p) and 7s.7d for 36exp
(38p). HP3 120, 127 & 620 roll film cost 4s.3d (21p), 35mm
20 exp cost 5s.10d (29p), 36exp cost 7s.7d (38p) and 36exp refills
cost 4s.6d (22.5p). |
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FP4 was claimed to give greater acutance with finer grain than FP3 but retaining the same speed of 125ASA (200ASA when developed in Microphen) and the same price. Wide exposure latitude of 6 stops over and 2 stops under, still producing printable results. Sold in the distinctive black & white Ilford cartons but identifiable by a blue band on the end flap. Tested by Pete Cropley for 'Photography' magazine (June edition), he found FP4 to be "the sharpest medium speed film available, and by far the finest grain." By July, Ilford were offering a free 24 page booklet entitled "Ilford FP4" to amateur photographers wishing 'to make the best use of the fine qualities of this new emulsion'. It was obtainable by writing to Mike Williams, Customer Services, Ilford Ltd, Ilford, Essex. This booklet updated the booklet "Ilford FP3, Film of Many Faces" offered in 1965. |
| Summer time "2
for the price of 1". Ilford Super Colourprint and Ilford
Colorslide offered in twin packs of 126, 120, 127 and 20exp 35mm.
The Super Colourprint cost 5/- (25p) for the twin pack (processing
extra) while the Colorslide cost 8/9d (44p) for the twin pack
(processing extra). Even with processing, Ilford calculated that
your 40 slides would cost less than 7d (3p) each. All colour processing now carried out at the company's modern laboratories at Basildon, Essex. |
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![]() The
Ilford Holiday Cine Pack was another summer time offer, being
4 Ilford 8mm daylight balanced Colorcine films for the price
of 3. The pack cost 39/9d (£1.99p) plus processing at 33/-
(£1.65p), giving a total saving of 24/3d (£1.21p).
Colorcine speed was 25ASA = 15DIN.The four 50ft films were returned spliced together on a 'free' 200ft reel in a dustproof plastic case. To ensure the individual films were spliced in the right order, customers had to return the exposed reels in the original box, with the 1st film in the place numbered 1, the 2nd in the place numbered 2 etc. The illustrated film box has a 'use by' date of March 1969. |
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| From end of June,
Ilford intended sending a copy of a 16 page magazine called 'Colornews'
to all colour film users with their processed films. The magazine
was intended to contain hints & tips relevant to its season
of publication, aimed at helping Ilford colour film users get
more fun from their hobby. Also to be included was a supplement
leaflet 'What's on and Where', providing up to date information
on events of photographic interest. Ilford colour cine film users were to receive a "Movie Supplement", published twice a year. |
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| Selochrome roll film believed to have been phased out, the last film to bear the famous Selochrome brand, derived from the 1920s Selo factory name. Or was it? Information has come to me that there may have been a 35mm Selochrome film still being tested in 1969, but it never got to market. | |
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From the start of 1969 (as announced November 1968 - see AP magazine, 20th Nov, News of the Week), Ilford ceased applying their name to amateur colour films. Ilford Ltd changed their policy to only supplying colour films to distributors and organisations able to market the material under their own private label. At this time, 25% of Ilford's colour film output was going to the USA. Ilford intended to continue with colour film R&D but decided on this new marketing policy as their colour film had not returned a healthy profit during the previous 20years (1948 launch of Ilford's first colour film, Colour FIlm D). |
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Ciba acquires all of ICI's shares
in Ilford, becoming sole owner of ILFORD Limited, six years after
their initial approach. On 31st Dec 1969 Ilford ceased
supply of the Ilfomatic 126 cameras and camera outfits, ending
the sale of all Ilford's amateur camera products. Ilford FP4 Challenge Cup print competition, judged (late November / early December) by George Hughes (AP Features Editor), Photo-Trade World Editor Roy Mathers and Ilford's Bill Risden. The Mobberley workforce had grown to around 550. |
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First Queen's Award to Industry
(& see 1975) All Ilford colour film and paper materials now discontinued except for Cibachrome. Ilford Witness camera for sale secondhand in the AP magazine for 21st January at Campkins Camera Centre Ltd, New Bond Street, London, priced £27.10s (£27.50p) with f1.9 Dallmeyer & including case; p&p extra. |
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